Calculation methodology

Formulas, assumptions, units and limitations used by the calculators.

Speed and error

Actual speed is calculated from full revolutions and elapsed time. Longer measurements reduce the share of stopwatch reaction error.

Cartridge and tonearm resonance

The formula is 1000 / (2π√(M×C)), where M is total moving mass in grams and C is lateral compliance in µm/mN. The 7–12 Hz band is marked as recommended according to Ortofon guidance.

Storage and value

Shelf and value calculators are planning tools. Furniture load capacity must be confirmed by its maker or a qualified designer, and market value depends on exact edition, condition and completed sales.